The spring of 1932 was turbulent with events that shook the world. After occupying Manchuria the Japanese imperialists rigged up the puppet Kingdom of Manchukuo through the reinstatement of Pu Yi, the last Qing Emperor who had been dethroned by the nationalist revolution led by Sun Yat-sen. The Japanese government-patronized mass media\and the Chinese\and Manchurian pro-Japanese publications chanted their praise of the kindgom, clamouring about the “concord of five nations”\and the building of a “paradise of righteous government,”\whereas the progressive people of Asia\and the rest of the world strongly denounced it.

The world’s attention was focussed on the activities of the fact -finding commissionrom the League of Nations which had just arrived in Japan on a mission to investigate the cause of the outbreak of the September 18 incident\and the responsibility for the incident. The commission headed by Lytton, an adviser to the British Privy Council,\and consisting of delegatesrom such great powers as the United States, Germany, France\and Italy was received in audience by the Emperor of Japan\and met the Japanese Prime Minister, the Minister of the Army\and the Minister of Foreign Affairs; it proceeded to China to hold talks with Jiang Jie-shi\and Zhang Xue-liang,\and then appeared in Manchuria\where it met Lieutenant-General Honjo, the commander of the Kwantung Army,\and inspected the area\where the September 18 incident had occurred. Japan\and China vied with each other in welcoming\and entertaining the Lytton commission in\order to win its support. The conjecture that Japan might withdraw her troopsrom Manchuria if the commission disclosed the true facts\and the League of Nations exerted its influence, was widespread not only in political, public\and news circles but also among primary school pupils\and old men in the rural villages, who had become interested in politics.

But we who were in the Antu area preparing for the armed struggle did not listen to the rumours\and conjectures; we were applying ourselves to military training, with the Women’s Association of Xiaoshahe bringing our lunch in large wooden vessels to the tableland near Tuqidian every day.

In the middle of March we\organized in Antu a short training course for the leaders of the small guerrilla units in several of the counties of east Manchuria. Nearly 20 leaders gathered in Tuqidian, Xiaoshahe.

The training course lasted for two days—theoretical lectures on the first day\and drill on the second day. I gave a lecture on the lines\and policies of the Korean revolution in the political class\and on the regulations\and code of conduct for the guerrillas. Military drill was mostly supervised by Pak Hun. We started with the basics of formation drill\and the disassembly\and assembly of weapons,\and then dealt with such tactical matters as raids\and ambushes.

Antu became the headquarters of the Korean communists who were forming the Anti-Japanese People’s Guerrilla Army. Political workers\and messengersrom several counties along the River Tuman often came to Xiaoshahe to make contact with us. The news of our activities to form the guerrilla army in Antu spreadrom mouth to mouth as far as the homeland. On hearing the news, young patriots in their early twentiesrom Korea\and various parts of Manchuria flocked to Antu, at the risk of their lives, to volunteer for the guerrilla army.

At this time Pyon Tal Hwan\and 8 young volunteers were arrested\and imprisoned by the Japanese military police on their way to Anturom Wujiazi. Pyon Tae U came to see me after liberation to express his sorrow that his son had been unable to join the army\and had wasted several years behind bars. Many people came, particularlyrom Yanji County in Jiandao. The enemy’s ruling\organs\and repressive machines were concentrated in the Yanji area\and its network of secret agents was developed. The Jiandao task force under the command of Colonel Ikeda, which consisted of the 75th Regiment, 38th Brigade\and Ranam 19th Division,\and was reinforced with artillery, engineers\and a signal corps, crossed the River Tuman\and marched into Yanji\and other parts of Jiandao for a “mop-up” operation in east Manchuria. In this situation the underground\organizations in the area sent to Antu many young people who had volunteered for the army. On hearing the news, even people without any recommendationrom such\organizations came to us in large numbers. Chen Han-zhang camerom Dunhua, bringing with him a young Chinese man, Hu Jin-min (Hu Ze-min). Hu had been a teacher at a normal school in Helong. Sometimes young people came in dozens at a time.

But the Chinese national salvation army units often captured them on their way to us\and killed them in groups.

At that time there were various Chinese nationalist anti-Japanese units in the northeastern region of China, such as the Northeast Self-Defence Army, the Anti-Jilin Army, the Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army, the Anti-Japanese Volunteers’ Army, the Mountain Rebels, the Broad Sword Society, the Red Spear Society\and so on. These nationalist armed units comprised patriotic soldiers who had broken awayrom the former Northeast Army to march under the banner of anti-Japanese national salvation after Japan’s occupation of Manchuria, as well as Chinese government officials\and peasants. These units together were known as the national salvation army.

Well- known among these units in Manchuria were those led by Wang De-lin, Tang Ju-wu, Wang Feng-ge, Su Bing-wen, Ma Zhan-shan, Ding Chao\and Li Du.

The largest one in east Manchuria was Wang De-lin’s unit. Wang had in his younger days been an insurgent, as “a heroic man in the green forest,” in the forests around Muling\and Suifenhe, holding no principles\or views, before being assigned with his followers to the Jilin army under the command of Zhang Zuo-xiang. There he became an officer in the regular army. He had served as the commander of the 3rd Battalion, 7th Regiment, 3rd Brigade of the former Jilin army before the September 18 incident. People called his unit the “Former 3rd Battalion.”

After Japan’s occupation of Manchuria his senior officer, Brigade Commander Ji Xing, had surrendered\and met the commander of the Kwantung Army. After pledging his allegiance to the Empire of Japan, he was appointed Jilin garrison commander. Indignant at the betrayal by his senior officer, Wang immediately revolted\and proclaimed the anti- Japanese national salvation struggle. He took 500 of his soldiers to the mountains\and, after\organizing the national salvation army, appointed Wu Yi-cheng as the forward area commander\and started his resistance against the Japanese imperialist aggressor army.

Wang De-lin’s faithful subordinates Wu Yi-cheng, Shi Zhong-heng, Chai Shi-rong\and Kong Xian-yong, operating in the Luozigou area, contained the enemy in Jiandao\and, in later years, established blood-sealed ties with our guerrilla army.

In the mountainous areas of south Manchuria the Self-Defence Army led by Tang Ju-wu was operating,\and in Heilongjiang Province, Ma Zhan-shan’s unit was resisting against the Japanese army which was advancing northwards. The unit of Commander Yu under the command of Wu Yi-cheng crowded into the backwoods around Antu. This unit was extremely reckless.

They all regarded the Korean communists as stooges of the Japanese imperialists\and the Korean people as having guided the Japanese army of aggression into Manchuria. They were prejudiced against the Korean people partly because the Japanese imperialists continued to drive a wedge between the Chinese\and Korean peoples,\and partly because the bad impression the Chinese people had received of the Korean peoplerom the May 30 Uprising\and the Wanbaoshan incident was still vivid in their memory.

The die-hard upper stratum of the national salvation army lacked political judgement\and insight with which to understand that both the Korean\and Chinese nations were suffering the same disaster\and misfortune because of the Japanese imperialist aggressors, that the Korean people could not be the cat’s paws of the Japanese just as the Chinese people could not,\and that the Korean people could not be the enemy of the Chinese people just as the Chinese people could not be the enemy of the Korean people. They were blindly hostile to communism because they came mostlyrom the propertied class. They concocted their own equation that the Korean people were communists, communists were factionalists,\and factionalists were the running dogs of the Japanese imperialists\and, based on this equation, persecuted\and ruthlessly killed young Korean people.

In the cities\and lowlands the Japanese troops of aggression were running wild,\and in the rural\and mountainous areas which had not yet been occupied by the Japanese army tens of thousands of Chinese nationalist soldiers occupied vantage points to bottle us up. Their hostile acts were a serious obstacle threatening the very existence of our young guerrilla army.

Since the Japanese imperialists, the Chinese mountain rebels\and the Korean Independence Army were all opposed to the Korean communists, we had seemed to have the world against us.

Without improving our relations with the Chinese nationalist anti-Japanese units, it was impossible for our guerrilla army to survive\and operate as a legitimate force.\and without making itself legitimate it was impossible for it to increase its ranks\and operate in daylight.

As our\organized unit was not legitimate, we were as good as confined in a back room. In such circumstances it was impossible to see the light. We merely lamented, saying, “How can we fight the Japanese by fumbling with Mauser rifles in civilian clothes in the back rooms of others’ houses?” Worse still, we could hide only in Korean settlements; we could not go to other places\and had to move about in groups surreptitiously\and only by night.

That was why we called the guerrilla army a secret guerrilla army in its early days.

In those days we had to keep awayrom not only the Japanese army but also the remnants of the Chinese nationalist anti-Japanese units\and the army of Manchuria; we also had to guard against some of the Korean nationalists\and reactionary elements. As we were fired at\and persecuted in public on the ground that we were communists, we really had a headache. The same was the situation in Yanji, Helong, Wangqing,\and Hunchun.

Nevertheless, we could not stay only at the houses of communists. As they were living in poverty, they would become even worse off if we stayed in dozens at their houses, eating their grain; this, too, was a problem.

If things were to improve\and if we were to fight in high spirits, it was imperative for us to make the guerrilla army legitimate so that we could march in broad daylight, singing, welcomed by the masses\and conducting propaganda. It was painful for us not to be able to do so.

Whenever we got together, we discussed over\and over again how we should make our guerrilla army legitimate\and how we should improve our relations with the Chinese nationalist army. The most serious issue was whether it was right to join hands with the nationalists of China. Several comrades doubted the validity of an alliance with them, considering that it would mean giving up our class principles\and compromising with them, given the fact that their upper stratum camerom the propertied class\and that their army represented the interests of landlords, capitalists\and bureaucrats. These comrades insisted that, even though we might improve our relations with them on a temporary basis, we could never enter into an alliance with them,\and that we should overcome their hostile acts by force of arms.

This was an extremely dangerous opinion. We maintained that we should not only improve our relations with them but also form a united front with them because we firmly believed that these units, in spite of their various\limitations, could become our strategic ally in the anti -Japanese war as we shared common fighting objectives\and a similar situation. The question on an allied front of two armed forces with conflicting ideologies\and ideals was extremely controversial when it was raised for the first time in those days.

Forming a common front with those units was also a serious question facing the Communist Party of China.rom the early days its east Manchuria special district committee had been interested in Wang De-lin’s unit\and sent seven\or eight excellent communists there to conduct work with the unit. We sent Ri Kwang\and some other Korean communists to the national salvation army units. On several occasions I received through liaison officers reports on the painstaking efforts of Ri Kwang, who had been sent to Tong Shan-hao’s unit.

As their hostile acts became more\and more outrageous, our comrades said that the allied front was an idle fancy\and that we should return fire\and avenge the people who had been killed by them. I made a lot of effort to restrain them. Making them our enemy\and paying them back was inconsistent with our great anti-Japanese cause\and moral duty\and was imprudent enough to invite the destruction of our young guerrilla army.

The communists\and guerrillas not only in Jiandao but also in the whole of Manchuria racked their brains over the Chinese nationalist armed units. The guerrilla units in the various counties at that time were small in size; there were only a few dozen guerrillas in each county. They were in danger of being annihilated if captured by the Chinese nationalist units, so they could not expand their ranks even if they wanted to.

In the light of this I wondered if it would not be a good idea for our guerrillas to join Commander Yu’s unit\and operate as a special detachment of it for a period. I presumed that if we joined Commander Yu’s unit, we would be safe under the flag of the Chinese national salvation army\and could obtain some weapons\and, that if we had a proper influence on them, we could make the soldiers communists\and reliable allies. I put this idea to my comrades to be debated.

We had a day-long meeting on this question at Kim Jong Ryong’s house in Xiaoshahe,\where the headquarters of the party\organization was situated. It is now called the Xiaoshahe Meeting. The atmosphere at the meeting was very heated. We debatedrom morning till late at night until our throats were sore on the question of whether it was possible\and favourable for us to operate as a special detachment of the Chinese national salvation army. Not only the heavy smokers but also those who were non-smokers puffed hand- rolled cigarettes continually. I still remember how my eyes smarted in the oppressive atmosphere. I was a non-smoker.

Finally my idea gained the support of my comrades. The meeting decided to dispatch a delegate to Commander Yu’s unit to negotiate with the Chinese national salvation army unit,\and I was singled out as the most suitable person for the job. To be more precise, I volunteered, rather than being chosen by my comrades.

None of us had any experience of military diplomacy. So the question of who should go on the mission was taken very seriously. None of us was sure whether\or not the Chinese would agree, whether\or not they would baffle us by making preposterous proposals at the negotiations\or whether\or not they would shoot our delegate if the worst came to the worst. We were all of the opinion that someone who was prepared for all these eventualities should go.

But none of us was right for the task. An elderly man was needed to deal with Commander Yu\and we had Pak Hun, Kim Il Ryong\and Hu Jin-min as such. Kim Il Ryong was more than 10 years older than me, but he did not speak Chinese well. The rest of us were between eighteen\and twenty years old\and had, like Cao Ya-fan, recently left school.

I suggested that I should go, but they objected. They said that I, their commander, must not risk myself when Commander Yu might kill me because I was a communist,\and that any of the Chinese comrades, Chen Han-zhang, Cao Ya-fan\or Hu Jin-min who was diplomatic should be sent.

When I asked them why Commander Yu would kill me, they said, “How do you know he won’t kill you? If they curse you as a ‘gaolibangzi’ (a Chinese derogatory term for the Koreans–Tr.)\and shoot you when you are there, that’ll be the end of you. They kill anyone, so why shouldn’t they kill you? They say that the Chinese are more vigilant against young Koreans nowadays after the incident of the Guan Corps in Wangqing. So you must not go.”

The secret guerrilla army in Wangqing led by Comrade Ri Kwang had disarmed a national salvation army unit called the Guan Corps. This was known as the Guan Corps incident. This incident further aggravated our relations with the Chinese units\and created a more unfavourable situation for the activities of our guerrilla army. A messengerrom Wangqing reported that, after the incident, the Chinese soldiers in his area had captured several of our guerrillas as retaliation\and killed them. It was around this time that Comrade Kim Chaek had been arrested by the Chinese mountain rebels in north Manchuria\and had only narrowly escaped execution.

Nevertheless, I insisted on my going to negotiate. I did not insist because I would be more skilful than others in dealing with them\or because I had any particular means to force Commander Yu to yield. It was a brutal fact that the existence of our guerrilla army depended on negotiating successfully with Commander Yu, that the success of our activities depended on improving our relations with the national salvation army,\and that without making them our allies, it would be impossible for us to go outdoors, let alone launch a guerrilla war in east Manchuria. I thought that unless we overcame the crisis\and started the armed struggle I, as a Korean man, would have no reason to live.

I persuaded my comrades by saying that a man who was afraid of death could not fight for the revolution, that I could speak fluent Chinese, that I had experienced many trials in the days of the youth movement, that I would be perfectly able to deal with Commander Yu\and that, therefore, I must go. Then I left with Pak Hun, Chen Han-zhang, Hu Jin-min\and another young Chinese man to negotiate with Commander Yu, without any guarantee for our personal safety.

The headquarters of Commander Yu’s unit was situated in Liangjiangkou. We promised to say that we wererom Jilin, notrom Antu, when asked by the unit’s soldiers\where we wererom. It was not to our advantage to name the place in east Manchuria\where our guerrilla army was stationed.

On our way to Dashahe we came across Commander Yu’s unit. Hundreds of soldiers were marching in a stately manner, carrying a standard on which was written “Commander Yu,” as in the Three Warring Kingdoms. As they had already defeated the Japanese army at Nanhutou\and even captured some machine guns, their reputation was running high.

“Why don’t we try to avoid them?” Hu asked me, with an uneasy look.

“No. Let’s carry on,” I said, walking on. The other four kept in step with mine, walking at my side. The moment they saw us, the soldiers shouted, “Gaolibangzi, come on!” They tried to arrest us there\and then. I asked them in Chinese why they were arresting us who were fighting against the Japanese as they were. They asked in return if we were not Koreans. I answered proudly that I was a Korean\and, pointing at Chen\and Hu, said that they were Chinese.

“We are going to see your commander to discuss something urgent with him.Take us to your commander,” I said with dignity.

They cowered\and told us to follow them. After we had followed them for a short distance, a man in the uniform of an officer of the former Northeast Army\ordered the men to take lunch,\and detained us in a farmhouse. To my surprise Liu Ben-cao, a teacher of mine at Jilin Yuwen Middle School, entered the house. He had taught Chinese at Yuwen Middle School for a while\and later at Wenguang Middle School\and Dunhua Middle School. He had been on friendly terms with Mr. Shang Yue\and knew Chen Han-zhang well. As he had been good-natured\and had a wide knowledge,\and moreover introduced many excellent books\and enjoyed reading to the students the good poems he had written, we had admired him\and respected him highly.

As soon as we recognized him, Chen\and I hailed him. In that adverse situation, we were delighted to see him.

Without concealing his delight\and surprise, he asked us one question after another, “Why are you here, Kim Song Ju? What have you come here for?\where were you going\and why are you being detained?”

After I had given him a short explanation, he\ordered the men in a loud voice, “Be polite to these people. I will take my lunch here with them. Serve us a good lunch.” Later I learned that he had given up teaching when the Japanese army invaded Manchuria,\and had joined Commander Yu’s unit. He was chief of staff of that unit.

While having lunch with us, Liu said that he had put on the military uniform because he could not bear to see the country being ruined, but it was extremely difficult for him to fight alongside ignorant soldiers. He then asked us to work with him. We agreed\and asked him to help us to see Commander Yu. He replied that the commander was on his way to the Antu county townrom Liangjiangkou\and that we could see him if we followed him.

“Sir, we would like to\organize an armed unit of Koreans,” I said. “As you know we Koreans hate the Japanese imperialists more bitterly than the Chinese do. So why are the Chinese nationalist soldiers against the Koreans’ fighting the Japanese? Why do they persecute Koreans\and kill them?”

“I know! I tell them not to do it, but they won’t listen to me. These ignoramuses do not even know what kind of people communists are. What is wrong with the communists fighting against the Japanese imperialists?”

Liu Ben-cao was indignant, too. I was inwardly pleased that now we seemed to have found a way out. I sent Pak Hun immediately to Xiaoshahe to inform the comrades there that we were safe\and that it seemed possible that we would make the guerrilla army legitimate as the chief of staff of Commander Yu’s unit was giving us his full backing.

After lunch we followed Liu Ben- cao to the Antu county town. Liu had a horse of his own. We told him to ride on the horse, but he replied, “How can I ride on a horse while you are walking? Let’s talk while walking together.”

He walked with us all the way to the county town. Most of the soldiers were wearing arm-bands with “Bu pa si bu rao min,” written on them, meaning that they should not be afraid of death nor should they harm the people. Unlike the nasty attitude of the soldiers, their maxim was very sound\and militant. The maxim gave me a ray of hope that my interview with Commander Yu would be a success.

Thanks to the good offices of Mr. Liu, that day we met Commander Yu without difficulty. He received us with courtesy\and accorded us hospitality probably for the sake of the dignity of the chief of staff,\or probably out of his desire to take us into his unit, for he had made secret inquiries about us\and learned that we, having been educated at middle school, were capable of making speeches, writing declarations\and handling weapons, in addition to being in the prime of our youth.

As I had guessed, Commander Yu asked us to join his unit. He asked me to work as chief of the propaganda squad under the headquarters. I was extremely embarrassed, for my intention was to form our own army\and make it legitimate. If I declined, it would surely incur Commander Yu’s displeasure\and place Liu Ben-cao in an awkward situation.

I thought; things are developing in a strange way, but fortune might smile on me if I win his confidence. I accepted his offer saying, “Thank you, commander, I will do as you have asked.”

Commander Yu was delighted. He\ordered his subordinate to write a notice of my appointment immediately. Thus I became chief of the propaganda squad of the headquarters. Hu Jin-min was appointed an assistant staff officer\and Chen Han-zhang, a secretary. This was a ridiculous development,\and not something we had desired, but it was a step up the ladder we had to climb. To tell the truth, these absurd appointments proved valuable in making the guerrilla army legitimate.

In my mind I cried, “Bravo!” comparing our situation in which we had been confined in the back rooms of others’ houses to the present situation in which we had penetrated deep into the heart of Commander Yu’s unit.

That evening an unexpected event occurred. The soldiers of the unit had arrested 70\or 80 young Korean men on their wayrom Yanji to Fuerhe\and brought them to the county town. I saw them at a distance with indignation\and shock,\and then hurried to Mr. Liu\and said:

“Here’s a pretty state of affairs, sir. Your soldiers have again arrested dozens of Koreans. What sort of pro-Japanese can there be among them? There is no pro-Japanese. We should deal with any cat’s paw after an examination, shouldn’t we?”

He said, “Go\and handle the matter, Song Ju. We trust you.” “I can’t do it alone, sir. Please come with me. You were a

good\orator, weren’t you? If you make a speech, even a stooge of the Japanese will be moved. We should teach them to fight against the Japanese. What’s the good of killing people who are not pro-Japanese?”

“You are good at speaking, so there’s no need for me to speak. You go alone.”

He flatly refused, waving his arm.

As he said, I had made speeches on many occasions in my school days. Roving around such places as Jilin, Dunhua, Antu, Fusong\and Changchun, I had delivered many speeches denouncing the wild scheme of the Japanese imperialists to invade Manchuria\and calling for the unity of the Korean\and Chinese peoples. Mr. Liu knew this well.

“If I speak in Korean how will the officers of your unit understand what I am saying? They may think that I am conducting propaganda against them.”

Again he waved his hand\and urged me to go.

“At most you will make communist propaganda. That’s all right. I will vouch for you, so please speak without any worry.”

He knew that I was associated with the communist party\and involved in the communist movement.

“Communist propaganda should be conducted whenever necessary. It isn’t bad to conduct it, is it?”

If we had not been on intimate terms with each other, I would not have dared say this to Mr. Liu. If they regarded me as a communist\and pro-Japanese\and tried to kill me, I could do nothing. But no such thing happened because of our special relationship. He\and I had been open with each other since our days at Yuwen Middle School. When I had been attending school in Jilin, he had looked after me.

As I was talking to Liu Ben-cao, Commander Yu entered the office. Looking outside, he remarked that his men seemed to have arrested some communists\and, shaking his head, went on to say that he wondered when the communist party had produced so many members in Manchuria.

Then Liu Ben-cao, winking at me, said, “You, the propaganda chief, go out quickly\and talk with them. Not all Koreans can be communists\and not all communists can be the cat’s paws of the Japanese imperialists.”

Commander Yu grew angry at his words\and yelled, “What? Are the communists not the stooges of the Japanese? They have brought the Japanese to this land to rob us of our land by their revolt.”

Commander Yu’s prejudice against the Korean people was stronger\and blinder than we had expected. His misunderstanding of communism was no less deep-rooted than his prejudice. I decided to make every effort to persuade him. With determination, I dared to ask him:

“Excuse me, sir, but how do you know that communists are bad? Did you learn itrom books\or did you hear itrom others? If not, why do you call them evil?”

“Damn the books! I learned itrom what other people told me. Anyone who has a mouth says that communists are bad. That is why I believe they are bad.”

I felt aghast at his words, yet relieved, for I thought I would be perfectly able to dispel his misunderstanding, which was not based on personal experience but on hearsay.

“How can you carry out a great undertaking if you believe what other people say blindly apartrom your own experience?”

As Chen Han-zhang\and Hu Jin-min were communists\and his chief of staff was supporting us, Commander Yu was surrounded. Thinking this a golden opportunity, I continued:

“What is the use of killing precious youngsters at will? What about giving them spears, even if not guns right away,\and using them as a shock force? In that way we can test them to see if they fight the Japanese bravely. If they fight well, can we expect anything morerom them? It is too much to kill them for no reason.”

After thinking for a while, he said, “That’s right. Go\and deal with them.”

I went to the arrested young men\and secretly circulated a slip of paper among them. The slip said: “As there is no material evidence, never say you are communists; tell them you picked up by chance the handbill reading, ‘Appeal to the Anti -Japanese Soldiers’ they have found on you.” The young men did not knowrom whom the slip came.

When I appeared they shot angry glances at me. They seemed to suspect that I was a henchman of Commander Yu. Seeing their hostile glances I asked, “Has any of you ever heard the name Kim Song Ju?”

This question dispelled the tension\and they began to murmur.

Some answered yes\and some no.

“I am Kim Song Ju. I am now working as chief of the propaganda squad in Commander Yu’s unit. The commander has just given me the\order to ask you whether you would like to join his unit\and fight with him. Those who are willing to do so, please speak up.”

All the young men answered in chorus, “We will!”

I informed Commander Yu of what the young men had said; then I asked him to admit them to his unit\and get them to fight the Japanese. He agreed readily with my proposal. In this way the young men’s fate\and future was decided as we desired,\and we were in a better position to achieve an allied front against the Japanese.

When we thus were on the threshold of making our guerrilla army legitimate, a Korean adviser to Commander Yu who was pulling the wires behind the scenes raised a fuss. A veteran nationalist belonging to the group of Kim Jwa Jin23, he had been farming in Nanhutou before joining the national salvation army after the September 18 incident. As he was clever\and had a wide knowledge, he enjoyed the deep trust of Commander Yu. It was he who had been instigating Commander Yu to persecute the communists. He claimed that admitting those 70\or 80 people without examination was rash,\and that there might be pro-Japanese elements among them. Without forestalling him, our activities might be confronted with another great difficulty.

One day I asked Commander Yu casually, “I have heard that there is a Korean in your unit. Why do you hide himrom me?”

He wondered why I had not yet met him,\and\ordered one of his men to bring him to me.

I found the man to be very tall\and sturdy. I introduced myself,\and then said, “I am glad to see you. As you are old\and probably experienced, please help us young novices as much as you can.”

He introduced himself to me. He said he had heard that a young Korean man who spoke fluent Chinese had come to the headquarters\and was assisting Commander Yu as the chief of the propaganda squad,\and that he, as a Korean, had been very glad at the news.

Because he was speaking about the nation, presenting himself as a Korean, I took the opportunity to scold him:

“If so, you should enlist many people who are willing to fight against the Japanese. Why are you killing so many of them? Is it right to kill them because their ideology is differentrom yours? It is pitiful for Koreans not to be able to live in their homeland\and it is all the more pitiful for them to be killed by the national salvation army in Manchuria. You ought to ensure that they unite, irrespective of their ideology, be they communists\or nationalists,\and fight against the Japanese; what is the good of ostracizing\and killing them?”

He said I was right\and gave me a meaningful look. Thus the second barrier was removed. Commander Yu smiled as he saw our conversation ending in a friendly atmosphere.

I asked the commander if he would trust me\and allow me to be relieved of the command of the propaganda squad by Hu Jin-min\and to form\and lead a unit of Koreans.

Liu Ben-cao supported me, saying that my proposal was reasonable. Commander Yu asked me how we would obtain weapons for the proposed unit.

I replied, “Never mind the weapons. We will not ask you for them. We will arm the unit by capturing weaponsrom the enemy.”

The commander was extremely satisfied with my answer. “Then you may form a unit. But what if you turn your guns

against us?”

“Don’t worry about that, we will never be guilty of such a betrayal. Should we turn our guns against you, your large army will be able to destroy us greenhorns, won’t it?”

Waving his hand\and laughing boisterously, he asked me if I had taken his joke seriously.

Afraid that he might get angry if I began by asking him for his permission to break awayrom the national salvation army, I asked him as the commander to name the unit.

Liu Ben-cao who was standing beside us said, “So, call it a special detachment. What about a special detachment of Koreans?”

Commander Yu\and I agreed with Liu’s suggestion.

The preparations for making the secret guerrilla army legitimate came to a successful conclusion with the birth of the special detachment. We enlisted in this detachment secret guerrillasrom Antu\and the 70-80 young men who had been detained by Commander Yu’s unit, making the guerrilla army legitimate.